help.start() help.search(plot) help.search("plot") ?plot 2+3 a <- 2+3 a 2^3 -> b b c <- b b <- 6 b c 3.14 -> d d Inf NaN 5/0 Inf-Inf 2+3i "ABC" TRUE T FALSE F t TRUE & FALSE TRUE | FALSE all(T,T,F) any(T,T,F) a == b a > 2 a >= 2 a a %% 2 a %/% 2 a mode(a) s <- "abc" mode(s) L <- T mode(L) NAƱ NA NULL is.numeric(a) is.numeric(s) as.numeric("123") as.character(3.14) f <- c(3,0,-2.5) f g <- c(2, "abc") g 1:5 5:1 seq(1,5) seq(1,5,2) seq(1,5,length=10) seq(1,by=2,length=10) seq(by=2,length=10,to=4) ?seq ?distributions rnorm(10) v <- 2:4 w <- c(3,0,-2) v; w v + w 2 * v v * w v ^w x <- c(2,-2) v x + v y <- 1:6 y + x y x x[1] x[0] y[-1] y y[8] y[c(1,3,4)] y y[c(1,3,4] y[2:4] y[-2:4] y[-(2:4)] 2:4*2 y[c(1,3,1,3)] y[c(1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3)] x y L <- c(T,T,F,F,F,T) y[L] y[c(T,F)] y > 2 y[y>2] y[(y>2)&(y %% 2 == 1)] A <- y A dim(A) dim(A) <- c(2,3) A B <- matrix(-3:2,2,3) B C <- matrix(-3:2,2,3,byrow=TRUE) C C[1,2] C[1,] C[,2] C[1,1:2] C[-1,-2] C[2] C C[6] C[2,] D <- matrix(1:4,2,2) D t(A) A t(A) %*% D v A %*% v v %*% t(A) w v %*% w crossprod(v,w) outer(v,w) det(D) x solve(D,x) solve(D) solve(D) %*% D F <- matrix(c(1,2,1,2),2,2) F det(F) solve(F) A lista <- list("abc", 23, TRUE) lista lista[4] <- x lista[[4]] <- x lista names(lista) names(lista) <- c(str,num,logical,vekt) names(lista) <- c("str","num","logical","vekt") lista names(lista)[3] <- NA lista names(lista)[3] <- NULL lista lista[2] lista[[2]] lista$num lista$vekt[2] lista$vekt lista[4] lista[4][2] lista[[4]][2] data() iris ?iris head(iris) edit(iris) iris[2,3] iris[2] iris[2,] iris$Species mode(iris$Species) class(iris$Species) names(iris) row.names(iris) mode(iris$Sepal.Width) iris[2:5,c(1,3,5)] iris2 <- iris[5:10,] iris2 iris2[2,] iris2["6",] x <- rnorm(10) y <- rnorm(10) runif[10] runif(10) round(1 + runif(10)) .Last.value .Last.value -> halmaz pontok <- data.frame(xkoord = x, ykoord = y, halmaz = halmaz) pontok pontok[1] pontok$xkoord pontok$tav <- sqrt(pontok$xkoord^2+pontok$ykoord^2) pontok class(pontok$halmaz) pontok$halmaz <- factor(pontok$halmaz) class(pontok$halmaz) pontok$halmaz halmaz class(halmaz) plot(halmaz) plot(pontok$halmaz) mean(pontok$tav) length(pontok$tav) sum(pontok$tav) tapply(pontok$tav,pontok$halmaz,mean) ls() rm(A,B,g,f,F) ls() pontok$koord pontok$xkoord attach(pontok) xkoord plot(xkoord,ykoord) pontok xkoord <- rnorm(10) + 2 xkoord pontok$xkoord ls() ykoord detach(pontok) ykoord pontok$ykoord attach(pontok) xkoord pontok$xkoord detach(pontok) rm(xkoord,halmaz) attach(pontok) plot(xkoord,ykoord) plot(xkoord,ykoord,col="red") ?colors colors() plot(xkoord,ykoord,col=3) plot(1:12,1:12,col=1:12) plot(xkoord,ykoord,col=halmaz) plot(xkoord,ykoord,pch="+") plot(xkoord,ykoord,pch=4) plot(1:12,1:12,pch=1:12) plot(xkoord,ykoord,pch=halmaz) plot(xkoord,ykoord,pch=halmaz+2) plot(xkoord,ykoord,pch=as.numeric(halmaz)) plot(xkoord,ykoord,pch=as.numeric(halmaz),col=halmaz) pontok pontok[12,] <- list(rnorm(1),rnorm(1),2) pontok pontok[14,] <- 1 pontok pontok[6] <- pontok$xkoord x <- 3 y <- 4 x+y